The Penalty Clause in Turkish Law, Reduction of the Penalty Clause, and Practial Interpretations 16 May 2025
One of the fundamental concepts of contract law, "penalty clauses" function as an important security for the creditor in the event that the debtor fails to properly perform their obligation. As an extension of the principle of freedom of contract, the parties may agree in advance to the payment of a specific amount in case the obligation is not performed at all or not performed correctly, thereby encouraging performance and easing the burden of proof for any damages that may arise.
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One of the fundamental concepts of contract law, "penalty clauses" function as an important security for the creditor in the event that the debtor fails to properly perform their obligation. As an extension of the principle of freedom of contract, the parties may agree in advance to the payment of a specific amount in case the obligation is not performed at all or not performed correctly, thereby encouraging performance and easing the burden of proof for any damages that may arise. Although the penalty clause is explicitly regulated in the Turkish Code of Obligations and is frequently used as a security mechanism in practice, it has also been subject to various debates regarding its legal nature, function, and applicability. This study will examine the legal nature and validity conditions of the penalty clause, along with the place of reductions in penalty clauses in Turkish law, its practical implications, doctrinal views, and judicial precedents. |
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II. Legal Framework |
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Ii. ITurkish Code of Obligations Artilces 179-182: Nature and Function of the Penalty Clause |
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The creditor is freed from the burden of proving damages in the event of a breach of contract or failure to properly perform the obligation and is provided with the opportunity to claim the predetermined penalty amount to compensate for both direct and indirect damages. This provision encourages the debtor to perform the obligation, creating a deterrent sanction, while also ensuring the compensatory nature of the contract. According to Article 182/II of the Turkish Code of Obligations, the penalty clause becomes due together with the main debt; if the main debt is eliminated, the penalty clause cannot be claimed. |
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ii. Conditions for the Validity of the Penalty Clause |
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The validity of the penalty clause depends on both general contractual provisions and some special conditions specific to the penalty clause. The Turkish Code of Obligations explicitly stipulates that in order for this institution to be considered valid, there must be a valid principal obligation relationship, the parties must have expressed their will in this respect, and these expressions of will must not be contrary to the law, morality, public order and personal rights. |
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The first condition for the validity of a penalty clause is the existence of an explicit or implicit agreement between the parties. As a rule, a penal clause is a voluntary provision and does not arise automatically unless agreed upon by the parties. Within this framework, although it is not legally obligatory for the penal clause to be in writing, it is a common practice to apply to the written form as it provides an easiness on the burden of proof in practice. |
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Secondly, the main performance on which the penalty clause is based must be valid act. As a rule, a penalty clause based on an invalid debt relationship is also considered invalid. However, there are opinions that, exceptionally, some penal clauses that are independent from the main debt relationship may be deemed valid. Especially in the case of independent (detached) penalty clauses, the validity of the penalty clause itself should be evaluated separately. |
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Thirdly, the subject matter of the penal clause must not be contrary to law, morality and public order. For example, a penal clause stipulating a penal clause in return for not committing an illegal act will be deemed invalid by the legal order. |
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III. Reduction in Penalty |
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Finally, the penalty clause must remain within reasonable limits so as not to create a disproportionate burden between the parties. Otherwise, penalty clauses may have severe consequences for the debtor, and in this case, the judge's power of reduction comes into play in order to ensure the balance between the freedom of contract and the protection of the debtor. |
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i. Reduction Authority Regulated under Article 182 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO) |
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The mandatory rule regarding the reduction of the penalty clause is stated in Article 182/.3 of the TCO as "The judge shall automatically reduce the penalty clause that he deems excessive." |
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The parties may freely determine the penalty clause within the limits of freedom of contract. The penalty clause, which is generally agreed in the form of a definite or determinable monetary payment, is primarily subject to inspection in terms of performance and amount pursuant to Article 278 of the TCO. However, if the amount of the penalty clause exceeds the limits of freedom of contract, it may be directly limited by the legislator. In installment sale contracts, the maximum penal clause limit is determined mandatorily, and penal clauses exceeding this limit are reduced to the legal limit.1 |
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The legislator has authorized the judge to reduce the penalty clause in order to prevent the strong party from exploiting the weak party with excessive penalty clauses and to ensure a fair balance between the assets. Excessive penalty clauses may lead to exploitation of the debtor and disruption of the balance of assets. The judge shall not deem the excessive penalty clause as null and void, but shall reduce it to an appropriate amount with the authority arising from the mandatory legal provision.2 The judge may not abolish the penalty clause completely or change the nature of the performance; however, when it is necessary to reduce an indivisible obligation, the judge may convert the penalty to a monetary amount.3 |
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ii. Exception to the Authority to Reduce the Penalty Charge under Article 22 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) |
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Article 22 of the TCC explicitly regulates that the merchant4 may not request the reduction of the penalty clause and constitutes an exception to Article 182/3 of the TCO, which authorizes the judge to reduce the penalty clause. This provision states that the merchant or debtors held liable as merchants may not apply to the court for the reduction of the excessive penalty clause. Thus, the amount of the penalty clause agreed by the parties cannot benefit from the reduction provided by Article 182/3 TCO for the merchant debtor.5 |
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Article 22 of the TCC does not limit whether the penalty clause is related to the merchant's commercial enterprise. However, in doctrine and practice, the prevailing view is that the obligation must be related to the merchant's commercial enterprise. This condition is considered as an interpretation in accordance with the purpose of the provision and limits the claims of debtors with merchant status for penalty clause deductions. |
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iii. The Court of Cassation's Approach to Reduction in Penal Terms |
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In practice, the Court of Cassation has ruled that the penal clause undertaken by the debtor merchant should be evaluated in terms of whether it will destroy the economic freedom, jeopardize the economic future, and whether it is contrary to morality and decency.6 The Court of Cassation emphasizes that penal clauses will be evaluated under more flexible conditions between merchants, but the judge may intervene in cases where exorbitant penal clauses are determined. The following criteria are particularly important: |
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iv. Precautionary Provisions that can be added to the Contract Regarding the Penalty Clause |
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v. Conclusion and Assesment |
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Although the penalty clause in Turkish law is a matter that can be freely agreed by the parties within the framework of freedom of contract, it is shaped within certain limits by the TCO, TCC and its provisions. Especially in recent years, the Court of Cassation applies plausibility checks to penalty clauses even if the parties to the contract are merchants. The main criteria here are whether the penalty clause is excessive to the extent that it threatens the economic integrity of the party, whether the parties acted with free will during the bargaining process, and whether the penalty clause is compatible with the general balance of the contract. |
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Especially in commercial contracts, the validity of the penalty clause is evaluated according to the balance of excessiveness, economic destruction and the will of the parties. In this respect, determining the penalty clauses in proportion to the total contract price, the benefit expected by the parties from the contract, clearly stating the upper limits and demonstrating that a real bargaining process has been carried out between the parties with the contract documents in the contract drafting process reduces the risk of adjustment in practice. |
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In the dispute resolution process, the quality of the documents submitted to the court is determinative when making defenses for the adjustment of the penalty clause. In this context, the defense should be made by taking into account factors such as the negotiation process documents between the parties, economic data (balance sheets, financial statements), the reasons that disrupt the commercial balance and the transaction volume of the parties. In particular, claims that the penalty clause will lead to economic ruin for the merchant party should be supported by solid economic data. |
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In conclusion, penalty clauses continue to be an effective security instrument in contract practice today. However, when due diligence is not exercised in the preparation and implementation process, serious risks and disputes arise for the parties. In light of the recent Court of Cassation decisions, the duty of contract drafters is to draft penalty clauses in a manner that is not only deterrent, but also reflects the economic balance and the will of the parties. Thus, penalty clauses will strengthen the legal security environment between the parties and prevent possible disputes. |
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